Fernando Bouza, Federico Palomo, and Isabel Seara were very generous for bibliographical help. The article is also part of the project 'Imperios de Papel: textos, cultura escrita y religiosos en la configuración del Imperio portugués de la Edad Moderna (1580-1640)', HAR2014-52693-P, coordinated by Federico Palomo and funded by Ministerio de la Economía y Competitividad (España). It is, in the first place, a tribute to her. * This essay refers to a project that Maria Elena Martínez and I wanted to put forward. Linguagens de diferença no Império português. Lenguajes de diferencia en el Imperio portugués. The Spread of 'Caste' in the Indian World *
Languages of Difference in the Portuguese Empire.
